Hours of Service Violations in Semi-Truck Crash Claims
After a tractor-trailer crash on a long-haul route, an early question is whether the driver had stayed inside the federal hours-of-service limits. Fatigue rarely leaves skid marks, so the answer usually comes from records rather than the roadway. A truck accident lawyer looking at one of these claims usually starts by comparing the driver's logs against every other record of the trip.
How the federal hours-of-service rules work
The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) sets the hours-of-service rules in 49 CFR Part 395, one part of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations found in 49 CFR Parts 390-399. The core limits for property-carrying drivers are simple to state on paper. A driver can drive a maximum of 11 hours after 10 consecutive hours off duty. Driving is not allowed beyond the 14th consecutive hour after coming on duty, and off-duty time does not extend that 14-hour window. A 30-minute break is required after 8 cumulative hours of driving without at least a 30-minute interruption. Across a week, a driver may not drive after 60 hours on duty in 7 consecutive days or 70 hours in 8 consecutive days, although a 34-hour restart starts the count over.
The regulations also include exceptions. The sleeper berth provision lets a driver split the 10-hour off-duty period, as long as one period is at least 7 consecutive hours in the sleeper berth and the other is at least 2 hours. Adverse driving conditions can extend the 11-hour and 14-hour limits by up to 2 hours, and the short-haul exception applies to drivers who stay within a 150 air-mile radius and finish within 14 hours. Whether an exception applies is a question of fact, and the trucking company typically has the records that answer it.
Finding an hours-of-service violation
Most drivers who must keep records of duty status now use an electronic logging device (ELD) rather than paper logs. According to the FMCSA, an ELD synchronizes with the vehicle engine to automatically record driving time, and Congress mandated the ELD rule as part of MAP-21. An electronic log is harder to falsify than a paper one, yet the log alone is seldom the whole story. Experienced 18-wheeler accident lawyers treat edits, unassigned driving time and malfunction reports as worth a close look.
A careful review lines the ELD data up against the supporting documents that 49 CFR 395.11 requires trucking companies to keep, including bills of lading, dispatch records, expense receipts, fleet management messages and payroll records. GPS and telematics data, toll transponder records, scale tickets and data from the engine control module (ECM) can show where the truck actually was and when it moved. When those records disagree with the log, the gap itself becomes evidence.
Why the trucking company matters
The duties in Part 395 reach beyond the driver. The rules bar a trucking company from requiring or permitting a driver to exceed the limits, and 49 CFR 392.3 bars operating a truck while the driver's alertness is impaired by fatigue, regardless of what the log says. Delivery schedules that cannot be met legally and pay structures that reward speed can point to claims against the company itself, including negligent supervision, alongside vicarious liability for the driver's conduct.
Research cited by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) found that a truck driver's hours-of-service or logbook violations increased the likelihood that the driver would be found to have precipitated the crash. A study cannot decide an individual case, but it explains why a semi-truck accident lawyer treats the logs as a priority.
Acting before records are lost
Under 49 CFR 395.8, the minimum retention period for records of duty status and supporting documents is six months. This is one reason a truck accident attorney often sends a preservation letter early, asking the trucking company to keep the ELD data, ECM downloads, dispatch messages and the driver qualification file. A preservation letter does not prove what existed, but it puts the company on notice, and evidence destroyed after notice can lead to spoliation sanctions in many courts.
Filing deadlines and comparative fault
Each state sets its own statute of limitations for injury and wrongful death claims, and the periods vary by state. Most states also use comparative negligence, which can reduce what an injured person recovers by https://edgarermf343.huicopper.com/how-trucking-companies-and-insurers-handle-truck-accident-claims that person's share of fault. This is general information and not legal advice, and no article can predict the result of a particular claim.